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06.07.2009 09:30 - publication, Proceedings of Asia Steel 2000 Beijing,China
Автор: bogomil Категория: Технологии   
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nsiwei,   01:55 PM 12/26/00,   Proceedings of Asia Steel 2000 X-Authentication-Warning:   argo.bas.bg:   Host TCE-E-7-182-16.bta.net.cn   [202.106.182.16] claimed to be china.com From:   "wansiwei"   To:   Subject:   Proceedings   of Asia Steel   2000 Date:   Tue,    26   Dec   2000   13:55:03   +0800 X-MSMail-Priority:   Normal X-MimeOLE:   Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V5.50.4133.2400 Mr.   B.V.Kolev, Your 2 reports which had been published in the proceedings of ;°Asia Steel International Conference- 2000;± for your reference, even you could not participate this conference. Your reports are very interesting for Chinese metallurgists, that is why we collected them and edited in the Proceedings. Mail order for this Proceedings only USS100 and US$20 for post fee. You"d better preserving one. If you only need copy of 2 papers please send your Fax No. Best regards, Wudi HUANG Professor The Deputy Secretary General Asia Steel ~~ 2000 Conference
HARDENABILITY OF NEW WEAR RESISTANT CAST ALLOYS Dr.-Eng. Bogomil Velikov KOLEV Institute of Metal Science, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences 67 Shipchensky prohod, 1574 Sofia, Bulgaria, home;1797Sofia, E-mail:b.v.kolev@abv.bg ABSTRACT Hardemibility is an important requirement particularly for thick wall castings operating under abrasive, hydro abrasive, impact abrasive and corrosion mechanic wear. On the basis of the author"s methods, equipment and installation for hardenability testing of high hardening alloys the experimental results obtained comprise a wide range of wear resistant complex alloyed alloys of the Fe-Cr-C-(N) system summarized in several generalized graphical dependencies. The researches have been granted a patent RB Claim RB49451. Keywords: New alloys of the system F-Cr-C-N, hardenability, new exp.procedure, structure and properties 1. INTRODUCTION Hardenability is a quite important requirement for castings, particularly thick walled, operating in conditions of various types of abrasion wear, because possessing good hardenability a large part of the components remain tit for work after wearing of up to 40 - 80 cm depth. In the development of alloys of optimum wear resistance and impact strength the aim is production of structures having high HRC: martensite or martensite-austemte (with unstable austenite). Proceeding of [1-4] it is found that the most suitable medium for cooling high alloyed white wear resistant cast irons, particularly those designed for thick wailcastings, is air. As the acceptable cooling rate (V) for most of the components cast of these alloys is limited by the slow coolina in air carrying out the cooling process is possible only at high hardenability of the alloys [5-6J. In air cooling of castings of wear resistant cast irons the difference in cooling V in the center of the casting and on its surface in the temperature range of eutectoid dissociation (700-550nC) is practically absent. This has been found also by own observations. Connective heat exchange is limited not by metal heat conductivity but by the conditions of heat transfer at the casting surface [5-6]. Plane casting should be hardened along the whole length if cooling V is higher than the critical quenching V. Therefore, for air cooled wear resistant cast irons the concepts quenching and hardening ability coincide but they are considerably different from the concept "hardenability" concerning common carbon or alloyed steels that are quenched in water or oil [4-8]. The structure and HRC at the surface and in the center of the casting of such alloys could be quite different because the cooling V during quenching in oil or water strongly decrease from the surface to the center, Fig. 2. Proceeding from the above said, in the present paper under "hardenability"" it is understood theability of wear resistant cast alloys (cast irons) to harden as well as their property to possess similar structures of the metal base and HRC all over the cross-section of the casting. For a quantitative measure of hardenability production hardness not lower than 55-60 HRC referred to the casting thickness can be accepted. For laboratory and pre-industrial tests the optimum is 58-60 HRC. According to published data cast iron containing 10-15% Cr has a not high hardenability, up to 20-40 mm [9].Unlike the carbon and low alloyed deformed steels the published data about hardenabilily of high hardened cast alloys (steels and cast irons) are quite scarce [1-9]. Hardenability is very sensitive. It is affected by a set of factors comprising the type of melt metallurgical treatment, pouring, crystallization, heat treatment, deformation, etc. [5-9]. The search for methods and means of hardenability testing and its improvement is quite pressing concerning wear resistant cast alloys of the Fe-Cr-C-(N) system. The critical analysis of the published data show that the main ways to improve hardenability are reduced to: complex alloying of the alloy by elements that are highly carbide and nitride forming (Cr, Mo, B. etc) and by dosed quantities of elements that expand the y area (Ni, Cu. Mn. etc.) [1-9]. A powerful mean is the usage of austenitization (quenching) T°C [1-4]. There are no published data about hardenability of cast wear resistant complex alloyed alloys of the Fe-Cr-C-N system as well as data about nitrogen effect on their hardenability. The available methods do not allow exact modeling of hardenability test [5-6, 10-19], Breaking castings or cutting specimens of them is quite labor consuming, uneconomical. Sometimes tens of tons or kilograms finished castings are destroyed, as it is the case with the various methods of volume quenching. These methods are of low sensitivity and inapplicable to hich alloyed alloys [6, 11-14]. Difficult to perform are albO the methods based on diagrams of austenite transformation [II, 15]; calculation methods are connected with a number of assumptions resulting in errors [16], as well as the available methods of modeling [6, 11, 17]. The electro-magnetic methods have not yet come out of the laboratories [18, 19]. The problems related to treating high carbon cast alloys of Fe-Cr-C system by cutting tools are not yet satisfactory solved. This creates difficulties in a number of the methods mentioned [10]. The most widely spread methods of Gomini-Goudtzov, Somin B. E., Nemchinsky A. L. [5-6, 11] intended for head hardening are not suitable as they permit cooling also the specimen side walls as well as its opposite end [5, 10].
These methods give comparative characteristics for the hardenability and are not suitable for the high chromium complex alloyed cast alloys. The N. E. Pavaras" method based on the heat modeling [6] is also not suitable as the two opposite ends of the specimen are cooled. Moreover, the actual cooling conditions in the casting can not be modeled with asbestos and other fillers. Proceeding from the similarity between C and N [20-21], from the fact that both are austenite forming, replacing some expensive and deficient elements such as Ni, Cu, Mn which improve hardenability and that N like C decreases the critical points while C improves hardenability in under eutectoid steels (till 0,8-1% C) we can assume the , suggestion for favorable effect of the cheap and available N on the hardenability. As a result its effect would be added to the effects of other alloying elements and in this way could reveal possibilities for the production of new high hardening complex alloyed wear resistant alloys. That would affect not only wear resistance but also would result in considerable savings of material, labor and energy due to providing conditions for lighter parts. Therefore, on the basis of the above said a task has been set to develop method and apparatus for hardenability test of complex alloyed cast alloys of the Fe-Cr-C system, Fe-Cr-C-N respectively, to present a part of the summarized results accumulated till now for tests of some standard alloys, to answer the question concerning N influence on the hardenability and to specify some alloys suitable for casting completely hardening thick wall wear resistant castings. 2. DEVELOPMENT OF METHOD AND INSTALLATION FOR HARDENABILITY TESTING OF COMPLEX ALLOYED CAST ALLOYS OF THE Fe-Cr-C, Fe-Cr-C-N SYSTEM Proceeding from the critical analysis of the above said methods an attempt is made for precise modeling of the hardenability test in laboratory conditions. Checks in practice in production conditions are also carried out. As a basis Goudtzov"s method improved by new elements providing in addition the heat modeling of thick wall casting and its cooling in the quenching process is used. For the purpose an apparatuses-installation for hardenability testing is manufactured, Fig.l. This quite improved apparatus in comparison to the available ones can operate as a "combine". It allows testing both of low hardening alloys by Goudtzov-Jomini method, standard specimens using cooling media of high cooling V, water, oil, etc. and of medium or high hardening complex alloyed ones , by the method of heat modeling. Besides water and oil compressed air under pressure, other gases and liquids as well as mixtures, "air-water", ""air-oil", ""air-liquids" can be forced through the nozzle. After testing many new variants and improvement of previous ones we have reached to the variant of steel insert of Crl2 or other alloy close to that of the tested specimen. These inserts serve to protect the side surfaces of the specimen body from the effect of the cooling medium, i.e. to provide cooling V close to that in the actual casting, Fig. 2. Inserts are worked out for specimen bodies of diametar d=25, L=100 mm and d=25, L=200 mm in compliance with GOST 5657-69. As the experiment showed that the specimen bodies of L=100 mm hardened along the whole length we had to turn to manufacturing specimen bodies of L=200 mm which are not met in publications and standards. After heating the insert together with the tested specimen in a shaft furnace the facility is hooked on the metal circle of the installation, Fig.l. 2. This circle together with the insert and specimen moves up and down in order that the most suitable distance from the cooling nozzle and formation of an umbrella of cooling liquid is specified. For the purpose, after many experiments, we had to manufacture an arc like insert with the specimen. The latter has a straight head in compliance with the standard [10]. With the purpose to create good heat insulation for air quenching in quiet (compressed) air and ensuring not low cooling V, modeling the actual process in thick wall casting, we have developed facilities with casing of heat resistant steel Cr25Ti filled with asbestos. Fig. 4. Such facilities were produced for specimens of L=100 mm of the following dimensions d= 92, L=125 mm, d=130, L=142, d=170, L=165 mm. For the specimen of L=200 mm of dimensions: d=185, L=285 mm (experiments carried out), d= 316, L=366 mm. With the collaboration of the department of "Plastic Deformation and Heat Treatment of Metals" at the University of Chemical Technologies and Metallurgy and students (undergraduates) a number of experiments have been carried out in order to verify the results obtained by the apparatus in Fig. 1, 2 in the Institute of Metal Science, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. A device for hardenability testing with water as cooling medium has also been developed on the basis of those in Fig.2, 3. It is shown in Fig. 5. It consists of a hollow cylinder with outer and inner casings, the hollow between them being filled with foamed fire-clay bricks for good heat insulation of the specimen. The heated insert with the specimen (Fig. 2) is placed in the installation and covered by cap for still better insulation. Only one end surface is cooled in air. In all devices designed for heat protection and modeling of the actual cooling conditions of castings
the tested specimen and the device are heated together in the furnace with the exclusion of the device in Fig. 5 where only the insert with the specimen are heated. By the above said method the hardenability and other properties of complex alloyed chromium alloys containing N and other elements are protected in compliance with patent RB49451.
3. RESULTS OF HARDEDABILITY STUDY FOR STANDARD ALLOYS The test have been carried out in the Institute of Metal Science, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Later on they have been verified in the University of Chemical Technologies and Metallurgy, The tests are carried out on specimens of d=25 mm and L=100 and 200 mm. The second size is produced after obtaining the results for the specimens of L=100 mm. The alloys are produced in an induction autoclave with base ramming of the crucible according to the method
described in [1-4. 20, 21]. The melt is poured in dry sand molds in specimen bodies of 035 mm, 1=250 mm. After crystallization the annealing is carried out with the purpose to improve treatment by cutting tools and homogenization of the structure. The mechanical treatment of the specimens comprising machining, grinding, hardenability testing, grinding of two parallel planes to measure HRC in compliance with GOST [10]. HRC is measured every 2 mm. Experiments are carried out in the Institute of Metal Science for testing over 200 compositions, hardenability specimens respectively, in compliance with the patent RB9451. Tests are carried out by cooling media of oil and quiet air. Holding time at quenching T°C is defined by calculation including also the time of heating - 200 min. The inserts with the specimens are placed in the furnace at 600°C. The selected quenching T°C correspond or are close to those of producing maximum HRC [1-4], 950°C and 1000°C. With undergraduates of the University of Chemical Technologies and Metallurgy tests are carried out for 24 compositions (heats) in total with different ratio of the components in percent by weight. Compositions of test specimens of 1=200 mm, C=2-2.45%. Mn=0.4-0.S6%: 2 specimens of Mn~2%. Si-0.4-0.66%. Cr=l S-20.68%. Mo=l .3-1,6% and C%, N=0.03-0.06 to 0,4-0.957°o. S below 0.028%. Some heats (compositions) contain in addition Ni~0.6%. Cu=0.6-0.9%. V=0.5-lV Fourteen specimens in all are tested from this series. The second series of 10 heats (compositions) were specimens of MOO mm: C= 1-1.32% (one heat 1.5%>C). Si=0.2-0.6%. Mn=0.73-l .49%. Cr=4.0-22.78V Mo=1.4-2.5% (one heat 3% Mo). N=0.0225-I.03%. S below 0.043%. In some heats additionally B=0.01 1-0.025% and Ni=0.52-0.58%. Quenching T"C of the experiments in the University of Chemical Technologies and Metallurgy - 950"C. Because o| the great quality of experimental data summarized graphical dependencies and some concrete examples are "ilvvn



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1. bogomil - HARDENABILITY OF NEW WEAR RESISTANT CAST ALLOYf S- paper presented and published in the proc. of Asia Steel Conf.Bajingf "Asia steel confence,
07.07.2009 11:51
5. CONCLUSIONS
1. Installation for investigation of hardenability both of low hardened cast alloys by conventional methods and high
hardened complex alloyed cast steels and irons by the heat modeling method with the use of cooling media - water,
oil, other liquids and emulsions "water-air", "oil-air", "air-liquids", "compressed air" under pressure and
undisturbed air - is manufactured and improved by novelties. The installation combines all the positive features of
the available methods in complex and possesses new components and capabilities.
2. New method and device of its realization are developed in compliance with conclusion 1 characterized by the
capability to provide cooling of the test specimens of various lengths only at one surface (the head). This
approximates to maximum the modeling and practical conditions of quenching (cooling) thick wall actual castings.
The inserts manufactured of alloy close in composition to the specimens studied are heated in the furnace and
cooled outside it simultaneously with the hardenability test specimens. The various types of devices for heating and
cooling of specimens provide the possibility to cool only one of the surfaces of the test specimen, i. e. decrease
cooling V to such a level that in depth penetration is possible in areas of austenite decomposition products.
Obviously, for most of the studied cast alloys over the critical cooling V are realised.Test specimens for high
hardening alloys are introduced with dimensions greater than the standard ones in use by now (1 = 200 mm) where I
could be increased.
3. Hardness after furnace annealing of test specimens are considerably lower than the HRC obtained in the modeled
retarded cooling, i. e. in studying hardenability which confirms the satisfactory efficiency of the method and
devices.
4.The alloys containing 2-3%C possess high quenching and hardening ability in retarded cooling in air,i.e.they are self hardening at rates considerably lower than that in undisturbed air.
5. For any alloy, depending on the ration of the carbide and nitride forming components and austenite stabilizers.
there is a certain optimum content of N similar to C that provokes hardenability increase. The effect of N is added to
that of the other alloying elements. Like C, N exerts effect by implementating in the solid solution in this way
affecting HRC of the matrix (martensite) and by binding in C, N, CN phases of various stability and HRC.
Hardenability is not importantly affected at N contents of 0,03-0,06%. According to the investigations as yet high
hardenability (60-65 HRC) can be achieved by increasing N content to 0,7 - 0,9%. As a result hardenability
increases.
6. The comparison between cast irons of over 2% C (below eutectum under ~3% C) and steels containing 1-1,5% C
show that the latter have lower hardenability which is due to, most probably, lower carbides and carbide-nitrides
quantities.
7. In the steels of low C content the variation of N content results in change of quenching and hardening ability. At
considerable increase of N quenching and hardening abilities increase. For instance, alloy of the
C120Crl7NMnMo2 grade with 0,0563% N has decreasing HRC along specimen length (50,5 HRC at its head).
Alloy of the C120Crl3NMo2 grade with 0,614% N - constant HRC along the specimen length ( head 61 HRC).
8. The results obtained of the investigations at this stage show that the critical cooling rates (at slow cooling of the
specimens in air and accelerated in oil) depend mainly on the alloyiim Cr, Mo, Mn, Cu, Ni, V, etc. The HRC
achieved depends on the C, Cr/C and N content. The effect of C is determinative, i. e. it is stronger than that of N.
9. For more accurate clarification of the effect of single and complex alloying with carbide and nitride forming
elements and with austenite stabilizing elements and of replacing, including also the effects of introduced elements
(C, N), on hardenability it will be necessary in the future to build diagrams of isothermal transformation of the
undercooled austenite for every aloy separately.

10. A number of cast complex alloyed alloys of the Fe-Cr-C and Fe-Cr-C-N systems possessing high hardenability
at maximum and constant in the whole length HRC for 100 and 200 mm specimens are produced after slow cooling
in air by the adopted method that makes them suitable for casting parts of thickness greater than 200-400 mm.
11. A patent of invention RB 4945 1 is "ranted.
12. The method developed ensures possibility of its development and improvement as well as for investigation and
development of a range of high hardenability complex alloyed alloys of the Fe-Cr-C system, Fe-Cr-C-N.
respectively, including also tool steels.
13. The results of the laboratory tests are checked and verified in industrial thick wall castings of high hardenability
cast alloys of the Fe-Cr-C-(N) system replacing the conventional classical Hadfield Cl 10Mnl3 steel (lining plates
for mills, crusher jaws, etc.)
Acknowledgment;The work has been carried out under Contact TH 717 97 of the Ministry of Education and Science of Bulgaria with main coordinator the author.
REFERENCES
l.Kolev B.V. lzsledvania varhu structurata sled kristallizatcia vav formata i sled termichna obrabotka na liati stomani ot sistemata Fe-Cr-C-N. NT Conf. s mejd. utchastie. Dokladi, Sozopol ,1998.,p.60
2.K.olev B.V.Sructuroobrazuvane na chuguni ot sistemata Fe-Cr-C-N sled kristalizatcia vav formata I sled termihna obrabotka. N. T. Conf. s mejd. utchastie. Dokladi, Sozopol, 1998,p.53.

S.Kolev B.V. Vlianie na temperaturnite uslovia i vremeto na zadarjane pri zakaliavane i otvrashtane varchu niakoi
osnovni mechanichni pokazateli, opredeliashti prilojenieto na liati iznosoustoichivy kompleksnolegirani splavi ot
sistemata Fe-Cr-C-(N). Intern. Congr. Mech. Engin. Techn.-99, Procedings. Sofia 1999.p.l 11
4.Kolev B.V. Vlianie na chim. sastav varchu mech. pokazateli na liaty iznocoustoichivi kompleksno legirani splavi
ot sistemata Fe-Cr-C-(N). Intrn. Congr. Mech. Eng. Techn.-99, Procedings, Sofia 1999.,p. 144.
S.Pashkov N.D. Termichna obrabotka na stomanata. Technika, Sofia, 1990.
6.Geller Iu.A.lnstrumentalnaie stally. Metallurgizdat., M.,1961.
7.Garber M.E., i dr. ,Metallovedenie i termicheskaia obrabotka metallov,5,1969.
S.Garber M.E. Izaiskanie i izsledovanie belaih tchugunov stoikik v usloviah abrazivnogo i gidroabrazivnogo
iznossa. Avtorefferat , Moskva ,1967. Tzaipin 1.1.Izaiskanie izsledovanie iznosostokich
chrommargantzevomolibdenovaie tcugunai.Avtoreferat, M.,1969.
9.Kitaigora N.I. Izsledovanie iznosostroikih vaisokocromistaih tchugunov pri udarno abrazivnom iznosse.
Metallovedenie i termicheskaia obrabotka metallov .1975.
10.GOST 5657-69.Standart po prokaliaemost.
11 .Kotchanov N.l.Prokalivaemost stali ,2-oe izd. Metallurgia, 1978.
12.Polovnikov V.V. Zavodskaia laboratoria , 1952, 4, 452-459.
13.Grosman M. A. Osnovai termicheskoi obrabotki, per.s angl.M., Metallurgizdat,1946, str.348.
M.Granger R.A. Post G, SAEY. 1946. v 8.N7, p.31.
15 BlanterE. Fazovaie prevraschenia pri termicheskoi obrabotke, per.sangl.M., Metallurgizdat ,1962, str. 268.
16.Afonskii. A., Zavodskaia laboratoria, 1949, 9, str. 1074.
17.VinakurB.B., B.L.Piluchenko. Prokalivaemost konstruktcion-naih stalei, Kiev Naukova dumka, 1978. str.268.
18.Dechtiar M.V., 1 dr. Zavodskaia laboratoria, 1976, 9-10, str. 808.
19. Post S.V.I dr.-Trans. ASM, 1946, 38, p. 85-111.
20 Kolev B.V.Vazmojnosti za polutchavane, structuroobrazuvane i svoistva na niakoi leiarski splavi na Fe-C
osnova legirani sN. Dissertatcia, IM- BAN, Sofia, 1985.
21.KolevB.V.Nevv Fe-based N and other volatile elements alloys.General results, Development, future prospects.
Intern, congr. Mech. engin. techn.-97 Proceedings vol . 2, p. 118.
22.Rashkov N.D. 1 dr. Rakovodstvo za laboratorni uprajnenia po metallografia i termichna obrabotka. Technica.
Sofia, 19S8.
FIGURES:
I-'iu. 1. Installation for hardenability testing. General view.
Fig.2. Cooling rale in different points of cylindrical part cross-section in the diagram of isothermal transformation
[5]. Suggested scheme of N [1,2].
Fig.3. Device for modeling various cooling rates. Schematic diagram.1.Vertical axis of Fig. 1; 2.Arm with circular
ring; J.Heat insulating cap; 4. Modeling metal insert; 5.Test.specim; 6. Nozzle.
Fig.4. Device with test specimen for hardenability testing in air. General view (0185, 1=285).
Fig.5. Cooling device for specimen of 1=200 mm. /. Casing; 2. Foam fireclay bricks; 3. Metal insert; 4. Test
specimen; 5. Fixing cap; 6. Heat insulation cover.
Fig.6. Major type dependencies HRC = f(lmm). A-austenite; M-martensite; P-products of austenite diffusion
decomposition.
Fig.7. Hardenability of some concrete alloys. HRC=f(lmm). a)heat 1, C230Crl8NMo (0,03%N), 950°C, air; b)
heat 47, C120Cr20NMo(0,353%N)oil, heat40, C100Crl3Mo3 (0,0225%N), oil; c) heat52, C190Cr22Mo2Ni
(0.0666%N), oil, heat 70, C380Cr20Mo3Ni (0,051% N), oil; d) heat 74. C400Cr23NMo (0,371%N), oil; e) heat
108, C300Cr20Ni2V (0.365%N), 950°C, 4 hours, air, heat 118. C200Cr20Ni2V (l,049%N) 950°C, 4 hours, air; f)
heat 26 Cl 10Cr28 (2,08%N), 1050°C oil; g) cast iron Crl4Mo2, Cr/C ~ 4,9, 950°C oil, heat U5 - 0,025%N. heat
U7-0,0382%N, 950°C, oil; h) heat 67-C380Crl7Mo3(0,0598%N); h.49-C180Crl3Mo3,(0,0607%N); h.40-
C100Cii3M03(N<0,06%).
Fig.8. HRC=f(N%). Test specimen 1=200 mm, measurements at different distances from the head surface; /. 0,6
mm; 2. 50 mm; 3. 100 mm; 4 150 mm; C200Cr20NMoCu.


















цитирай
2. анонимен - Hardenabilty of new wear resistant cast alloys-continuation
08.07.2009 10:43
continuation of paper published i procedings of Asia steel -2000 conference, Beijing, China, author dr Bogomil Velikov Kolev, E-mail; b.v.kolev@abv.bg
цитирай
3. анонимен - Hardenabilty of new wear resistant cast alloys-continuation
08.07.2009 10:45
continuation of paper published i procedings of Asia steel -2000 conference, Beijing, China, author dr Bogomil Velikov Kolev, E-mail; b.v.kolev@abv.bg
цитирай
4. анонимен - Hardenability of new wear resistant cast alloys-conclujions, continuation
08.07.2009 16:21
publication of proceedings of " asia steel-2000" conference, Beijing, China, author d-r eng.Bogomil Kolev,
E-mail: b.v.kolev@abv.bg
цитирай
5. анонимен - conclusions
08.07.2009 16:23
continuation
цитирай
6. анонимен - about hadrdenabilty of new wear resistent cast alloys
08.07.2009 16:26
continuationo the end. Conclusions end Literature
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7. анонимен - balkamalka
13.07.2011 12:40
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8. bogomil - Dear friend
13.07.2011 14:52
Dear anonimous friend,
Thank you for your anonymous letterr and for your interest of my paper.Write down please, what is your name, your job(profession) and where do you com from!?

vith the best regards d-r eng.B.V.Kolev
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9. bogomil - Уважаемьи друг
13.07.2011 15:02
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